[Cyber Monday Deal] Why Now Is The Best Time To Get CoSchedule

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Cultural Anthropology Sociology, Intervention, And Policy Development ( Gwynne Pp ) Essay Example For Students

Social Anthropology : Sociology, Intervention, And Policy Development ( Gwynne Pp ) Essay Applied social humanities is known to be â€Å"the utilization of thoughts, procedures, and information got from the field of social human sciences in the endeavor to add to answers for social problems† (Gwynne pp. 6). To be an applied anthropologist, you should have the fundamental abilities of doing examination, mediation, and arrangement improvement (Gwynne pp. 7-8). Applied humanities has existed since the nineteenth century, however was not in fact named â€Å"applied humanities. † Though scientists and anthropologists were keen on contemplating various societies they likewise worked in the scholarly community. Franz Boas for instance (Gwynne pp. 55) was a scholastic anthropologist who likewise partook time employments in different fields of applied human studies and turned into the Father of American Anthropology. After the New Deal was shaped, occupations in applied human sciences were extending. Albeit, applied human sciences appeared to stir during World War II when universities offered applied human studies to the military to comprehend remote nations and individuals living there. In the 1970’s the Society for Applied Anthropology was made and the â€Å"new government enactment orders anthropological association in verifiable, ecological, and social arenas† (Gwynne pp. 55). As indicated by Gwynne, current academe has been diminishing in enlistment, yet the level of understudies moving on from applied human sciences has been thriving throughout the years (pp. 55). Inside the applied human sciences field, employments are for all intents and purposes perpetual. Alumni of applied humanities can work in â€Å"development, promotion, social work, the law and law requirement, business, social advertising, medication, and worldwide health† (Gwynne pp. 12). Be that as it may, when working with individuals and doing research on them, there must be e. . history of applied human studies since they all execute comprehensive quality, the manner in which individuals think, and associations with societies which is the way applied humanities got supported inside the remainder of the fields of humanities, social human sciences, archaic exploration, physical humanities, and anthropological semantics. These specialists can connect and take part with their witnesses to all the more likely see how every one of these societies can identify with one another and help change lives of individuals who truly need assistance. With organizations like the WIC program, ladies would not get the assist they with requiring on the off chance that it was not for applied anthropologists examining what the issue was that ladies were not enlisting into a program that they were qualified for. Additionally with the assistance of Feng’s explore, Chinas the travel industry issue could in the long run return to a consistent pace and better condition for local people.

What Should I Read for Galentines Day

What Should I Read for Galentines Day So we all know about Valentines Day, but its importance has been diminished by the holiday coined by Parks and Recs Leslie Knope. She says, by way of explanation: Oh, its only the best day of the year. Every February 13th, my lady friends and I leave our husbands and our boyfriends at home, and we just come and kick it, breakfast-style. Ladies celebrating ladies. Its like Lilith Fair, minus the angst. Plus frittatas. So regardless of your romantic relationship standing, you get Galentines Day, a day of solidarity, women celebrating women. The texts in this post aim to make you feel the way Beyoncé and her girls look in that 7/11 videoâ€"empowered, fashionable, and fun: via GIPHY Your Beauty Mark: the ultimate Guide to Eccentric Glamour by Dita Von Teese Listen, I LOVE going out. But most of the time, the funnest part of going out is getting ready together with your girlfriends. If you live alone, however, or with a S.O. whos not girly, or not about glamour, or your girls are just busy, Dita Von Teeses  Guide to Eccentric Glamour  will keep you company. One of my favorite lines is when she tells her friend she cant go out that night because shes practicing her hair. She talks about Old Hollywoods glamour and how you can achieve their looks, even on a budget. Because listen, of course not all of our worth is in our appearance. OF COURSE NOT. That doesnt mean its not still fun to look good, though, if thats what you want to do. And if you dont want to, girl, then, DONT. we are never meeting in real life By Samantha Irby If you want a taste of Sam Irbys writing, check out her blogâ€"my favorite blog everâ€"called  BitchesGottaEat.  In case the content is not made clear by the title, Sam Irbys nonfiction is about the horrors of online dating, the Sisyphean process of dating NOW, and how its kind of awesome to just, you know, not…date. She says: I dont know what an attractive personality is. I like charisma and charm, but what I really need to find is someone who doesnt get on my nerves but is also minimally annoyed by all the irritating things about me. That is my basic understanding of relationships at this point in life: that it all comes down to finding someone too lazy to cheat and who doesnt want to stab her ears out every time I speak. Luna Luna Literary Magazine   Luna Luna Magazine says its about literature, intersectional feminism, storytelling, identity, and witchcraftâ€"but you dont have to be a witch to enjoy it or participate in it! The magazine and community surrounding it are supportive of women, and its such an interesting, fairytale-like space to peruse that you could spend hours sifting through all the magic there. Bleachy-haired Honky bitch: tales from a bad neighborhood by hollis gillespie This collection of essays details a womans life in Atlanta. Its definitely a regional delight, but still a delight. The title, for example. In Atlanta theres a walk called the Asshole Stroll, which is when a pedestrian purposefully takes his time crossing the street deliberately not at a crosswalk. Its a spiteful jaywalk. An Asshole Stroll. And the pedestrian makes eye contact with you, the driver, as he does it. Hollis does not see the pedestrian. He jumps out of the way and calls her a bleachy-haired honky bitch. (Gillespies stand-up is just as funny and poignant. I got to see her perform once but was too star-struck to be like YOURE MY FAVORITE I LOVE YOU, although now I surely wish that I had.) This one is fun because it can be both honest and fun, and thats why it makes the list. For Women Who Are Difficult to Love, Warsan Shire This poem will break your heart, but its empowering, too: its exactly what the title says it is. If, when you hear it, it sounds familiar, its because Beyoncé used Warsan Shires poems in her album Lemonade. I Like You: Hospitality under the Influence by Amy Sedaris So, this book is a cookbook, but only in the sense that it has recipes in itâ€"and all the recipes are good, and worth trying. What makes it interesting and relevant to Galentines Day is that this book also shows how to entertain and what to expect when, say, you have an uninvited house guest, youre hosting a wake, or even what to bring as a hostess gift. This book is not only helpful to prepare for Galentines Day, but its also a great Galentines Day  gift.   If you dont already know, Amy Sedaris is a nutâ€"and her TV show  At Home with Amy Sedaris  was based off this book! Alright, goddesses, I hope you liked my suggestions for Galentines Day readings, and I hope they help you celebrate with a bigass womanly yawp!

Regulatory Behavior Paper - 1392 Words

Regulatory Behavior Emily Beecher PSY/340 April 27, 2015 Dr. Annie Powers Regulatory Behavior The nervous system is an extremely elaborate biological machine. Without question, the nervous system is a system so intricate and comprehensive that professionals in the field of medicine to this day do not have a â€Å"complete picture† of each of the working details of the human nervous system. Of these different mechanisms, perhaps the one most riddled with speculation, is the mechanism of sleep. In discussing regulatory process, sleep is perhaps one of the most essential to the healthy upkeep of the human nervous system. This process is such a necessary behavior that without it, the nervous system, and the overall health of the individual†¦show more content†¦Anxiety could possibly be the cause of one’s sleep apnea or insomnia. There is a cycle that some may go through when trying to sleep. First, you are lying in bed having difficulty getting to sleep. Then, you realize that you are still awake and should be sleeping; this is when the anxiety kicks in. Th e body kicks in the fight-or-flight mechanism, and the sympathetic nervous system shifts on, and the body starts to produce adrenalin due to a false perception of a threat, which prevents sleep. Then you are back to the start where it is difficult for you to fall asleep. Lack of adequate sleep can make it difficult to receive, and remember information. Sleepless nights can result in overworked neurons to no longer function well. To stimulate the brain regions used in learning, we can depend on rapid-eye-movement (REM) sleep. During REM sleep, cells in the pons send messages that inhibit the motor neurons that control the bodys large muscles (Kalat, 2013). Slow-wave sleep (SWS) can also play a significant role in memory. SWS can increase restorative processes during sleep. Slow waves indicate that neuronal activity is highly synchronized (Kalat, 2013). Depriving a person of sleep can impair verbal learning, especially early in the night. Depriving a person of sleep during the second half of the night impairs consolidation of learned motor skills (Kalat, 2013). Consolidation represents the processes by which memory becomes stable. To add, after sleep drive hasShow MoreRelatedSelf Regulation And Self Regulatory Practices Essay1643 Words   |  7 Pages Self-regulation is an important part of an individual’s everyday life. From the moment a person wakes up until the moment they go to sleep, they are engaging in self-regulatory practices throughout much of their day. These self-regulatory processes are not only conscious decisions that one makes throughout a variety of situations, but can become deeply imbedded in an individual’s way of life. Through a social-cognitive perspective, one may define self-regulation as producing feelings, thoughts, andRead MoreCase Summary : Security Fraud1626 Words   |  7 Pagesreport that illustrates what fraud is, the types of fraudulent behavior, victimization in Canada, combating methods, the Canadian Regulatory Framework and provides an overview of Canada’s investment Fraud problem. This article also sets out potential improvements of Canada’s regulatory through a statistical and methodological analysis of the prevalence of fraud in Canada. The focus and the area with the most relevance to the research paper for will be on the eighth chapter: Combating Fraud. This chapterRead MoreSarbanes - Oxley Act of 20021275 Words   |  6 PagesIn this paper the author will describe the main aspects of the regulatory environment which will protect the public from fraud within corporations. The author will pay special attention to the Sox requirement; along with evaluating whether Sox will be effective in avoiding future frauds. Regulatory environment consist of several laws and regulations that has been developed by federal, state, and local governments in order to limit control over business practices. The regulatory environment playsRead MoreA Research On Schizophrenia And Anorexia Nervosa1269 Words   |  6 Pages RNA associated silencing, and some other factors. The process is triggered via cell-to-cell signaling, neighborhood cells sending signals, physiology, and environment. The epigenetic change can be transient, permanent, or heritable. 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Unethical behavior continues to be a persistent problem in the public, nonprofit and for-profit sectors. Some recent unethical behavior includes military sex crime cover-ups, police racial profiling, test score manipulation, unauthorized use of government property and funds, and political corruption. Other bad ethicalRead MoreTechnology And Its Impact On The Healthcare Industry1456 Words   |  6 Pagesfollowed. Capstone Paper 19 Multidisciplinary Team After Thrive Healthcare Company received repeat tri-annual Joint Commission survey negative findings in procedural sedation areas, a multidisciplinary procedural sedation project team were put together, which consist of Unit Nurse Managers, Frontline RN staff, physicians, Compliance, Quality, Regulatory departments and theRead MoreRole Of Auditing And Regulatory Compliance1558 Words   |  7 Pages ROLE OF AUDITING IN REGULATORY COMPLIANCE BY: SHEFALI VERMA (A-20325809) ILLINOIS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, CHICAGO ABSTRACT Risk, compliance and governance activities are by nature interconnected and rely on common sets of informationRead MoreSarbanes Oxley Act of 20021322 Words   |  6 Pagesï » ¿Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 Descriptions of the main aspects of the regulatory environment which will protect the public from fraud within corporations are going to be provided in this paper. A special attention to the Sarbanes – Oxley Act of 2002 (SOX) requirement; along with an evaluation of whether Sarbanes-Oxley Act will be effective in avoiding future frauds based on their implemented rules and regulations. The main aspects of the regulatory environment are based on the different laws and regulations

The Cuban Missile Crisis During The United States

Dylan Thomas Connolly U.S. History 14 December 2015 The Cuban Missile Crisis In October of 1962 the U.S. entered a conflict called the Cuban Missile Crisis, which is arguably the closest the U.S. has ever come to nuclear war. The Cuban Missile Crisis was a 13-day conflict between the U.S. and the Soviet Union resulting from the placement of Soviet missiles in Cuba. The Cuban Missile Crisis was considered the climax of the Cold War, a period lasting from about 1947 to 1991, in which a political rivalry between Eastern and Western Allies surfaced. The Soviet Union was being run by Joseph Stalin, who wanted to expand communism through Eastern Europe and make a group of united communist countries, while the Western Allies favored capitalism and strongly abhorred communism. The Cuban Missile Crisis came about due to relations between the communist countries of Cuba and the Soviet Union, the American fear of Communism, and placement of Soviet missiles in Cuba. The Cold War brought the U.S. and the Soviet Union to the brink of nuclear war an d the countries held their breath for a tense 13-day deadlock. Following World War II relations between the U.S. and the Soviet Union and Cuba were acutely antagonistic. The secret alliance between the Soviet Union and Cuba was responsible for the Cuban Missile Crisis. After the U.S. invaded Cuba, the Soviet Union promised to defend Cuba from another American invasion. Both communist leaders, Joseph Stalin of Russia and Fidel Castro of Cuba,Show MoreRelatedThe Cuban Missile Crisis During The United States954 Words   |  4 PagesIn Depth with the Cuban Missile Crisis In October of 1962, the United States, and the Soviet Union partook in a political and military standoff. Cubans began installing Soviet missiles, a couple miles away from the U.S. coast. The presence of nuclear missiles made the U.S. extremely tense. President Kennedy announced the news to the world and informed them of his decision to create a naval blockade around Cuba. The objective was to show that the United States was ready to utilize militaryRead MoreThe Cuban Missile Crisis And The Soviet Union1062 Words   |  5 Pages During the Cuban Missile Crisis, the United States took a bold stand against the Soviet Union, Communism, and the installation of nuclear arms in Cuba. The Cuban Missile Crisis was a confrontation between the United States and the Soviet Union that occurred between October 14 and October 28, 1962 (â€Å"Cuban Missile Crisis Timeline†). During the Cold War Era, tensions between the United States and the Soviet Union were already high because of the way that World War II ended. The Soviet Union’s decisionRead MoreThe Cuban Missile Crisis The World On The Edge Of Its Seat1315 Words   |  6 Pagesâ€Å"We’re eyeball to eyeball, and I think the other fellow just blinked† (Dean Rusk). 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History On October of 1962 there was a big misunderstanding between the dictator of the Union Soviet andRead MoreFidel Castro And The Cuban Revolution1410 Words   |  6 PagesFidel Castro led a successful revolution that overthrew the Cuban government, placing him in total control. During this time America had considered â€Å" Central America - and the Caribbean - as its own ‘backyard’†, and therefore, when they saw a communist running the Cuban government tensions began to build (Todd 140). Eventually, in 1960 Castro led Cuba into an economic deal with the Soviet Union (or USSR), as a result of this American and Cuban relations were completely cut off (Dobbs 12-18). A year laterRead MoreThe Cuban Missile Crisis Essay1292 Words   |  6 Pagesinevitable to the world, it was the first time nuclear war was hanging on a thread. The Cuban Missile Crisis presented a threat to the world, in which the USSR planted nuclear missiles on Cuba. America’s response was to threaten launching nuclear missiles at the Russians. This incident launched the world into a new time, which presented nuclear weapons as a source of power. The incident of the Cuban Missile Crisis still connects with us today because the power nuclear weapons present, which providesRead MoreThe Cuban Missile Crisis : The United States1339 Words   |  6 Pagesâ€Å"The Cuban Missile Crisis was a thirteen day political and military standoff between the United States and Soviet Union officials. The confrontation was over the Soviet army putting nuclear weapons on Cuban soil, only ninety miles from the United States coast. On October 15, 1962 a United States U-2 Spy Plane discovered the missiles and this started the crisis itself. On October 22, 1962 President John F. Kennedy addressed the United States and told the country about the missiles and also statedRead MoreJordan Belleman. Ms. Verdino Ms. Kingmr. Muraco . Social1461 Words   |  6 PagesStudies 801 12 May 2017 The Cuban Missile Crisis â€Å"The most terrifying moment in my life was October 1962, during the Cuban Missile Crisis. I did not know all the facts we have learned only recently how close we were to war but I know enough to make me tremble† (Joseph Rotblat). During the Cuban missile crisis, leaders of the U.S. and the Soviet Union engaged in a tense, 13-day political and military standoff in October 1962 over the installation of nuclear-armed Soviet missiles on Cuba, just 90 milesRead MoreCauses Of The Cuban Missile Crisis1279 Words   |  6 PagesDuring the Cuban Missile Crisis, President John F. Kennedy said, â€Å"It is insane that two men, sitting on opposite sides of the world, should be able to decide to bring an end to civilization,† (Nuclear Ban Test Treaty). This quote directly describes the overall idea of Cuban Missile Crisis. The â€Å"Thirteen Days† of the Cuban Missile Crisis refer to the closest point where the Soviet Union and the United States came to nuclear war. For thirteen days both nations waited in fear, for news if there wasRead MoreCuban Missile Impact On The World Of The Cold War902 Words   |  4 PagesCuban Missile War Is Cuban communism the beginning of the Cold War? Could the Cuban Missile Crisis end in the world devastation? According to freedictionary.com, nuclear war is â€Å"war in which nuclear weapons are used by both sides. As generally used, the term assumes major use of nuclear weapons by at least two opposing warring states.† The invasion of Cuba by United States caused by the alliances between Cuba and the Soviet Union brought conflict between those countries. The United State tried to

Stefan’s Diaries Bloodlust Epilogue Free Essays

Once I stopped drinking human blood, I became even better at hearing a heartbeat, knowing in an instant, from the speed of a pulse, whether a human was sad or annoyed or in love. Not that I was around humans very much. After I left New Orleans, I truly was a creature of the night, sleeping during the day and venturing into the outside world only when humans were safe in their beds, fast asleep. We will write a custom essay sample on Stefan’s Diaries: Bloodlust Epilogue or any similar topic only for you Order Now But occasionally I’d hear a quickening heartbeat and know that someone was climbing from a window or sneaking out a door to meet a lover, stealing a few moments of intimacy. That was the hardest sound to hear. Whenever I did hear it, I was reminded of Callie, of her fluttering heart and quick smile. Of how alive she was, and how she was not afraid to be in love with me despite my true nature. Now, when I think of our plan to escape, I can’t help but laugh bitterly at myself for ever thinking it could have been a possibility. It had been the same foolish mistake I’d made when I’d fallen in love with Katherine, believing that humans and vampires could love each other, that our differences were just a minor detail that could be easily solved. But I wouldn’t fall into that trap a third time. Whenever vampires and humans dared to love each other, death and destruction were sure to follow. And I had enough blood on my hands to last an eternity. I would never know the extent of the harm Damon was causing in the world. Sometimes I’d see a newspaper article or hear snatches of conversation about a mysterious death, and my mind would instantly jump to my brother. I’d listen for him, too, always waiting to hear him call â€Å"Brother† in his exaggerated drawl. But mostly I listened to myself. The longer I subsisted on animal blood, killing the odd squirrel or fox in a forest, the more my Power ebbed, until it was simply a faded thrum in the background of my being. Without Power, I lost the electric sense of feeling alive, but the guilt I would carry for the rest of my existence had dulled around the edges. It was a trade-off, one of many I’d learned to make, and one of many more I’d have to make in the eternity that stretched in front of me. So I made the vow to always keep moving, to never stay in one place too long or grow too close to anyone. That is the only way I’ll do no harm. Because God help us all if I ever fall in love with another human How to cite Stefan’s Diaries: Bloodlust Epilogue, Essay examples

Life Stage Interventions

Question: Discuss about the Life Stage Interventions. Answer: Introduction: It is the developing brain of a child that makes them do things which are concerning issue in their parents life. (Siegel, D. J., 2012). The growing age of the child bring many changes in his/ her behaviour, physical, emotional and mental level. The growing up of a child is accompanied with many new challenges. These new changes and challenges transform the life of the child and the future. This tender age is tough to handle at times by the parents. It is important to look after the kids in the adolescent age as it is the tie when they are under transformation from a kid to being a teen. (Centers for Disease control and prevention, 2016). Developmental changes Development is process that goes on with life in terms of physical, social behaviour, mental and emotional level. The various stages of life from birth to a baby, baby to childhood, childhood to adolescence, and to adulthood is accompanied with the development process. (Advocate for youth, 2008). The children belonging to the age group of 6- 12 undergo many changes in terms of physical growth but compared to the other growth factors, the psychological growth is the maximum. (Skuse, 2003). An 11 years old child shows an increased level of physical activity. Develops more appetite and is less satisfied with self and society around. Changes in terms of mood, sensitivity towards things develop. Doubt related to the adolescence grows and this has an effect on the social behaviour. Friends are on top priority, issue with parents and sibling is common. Personal interests become more important, school work does not interest them. In terms of neurology now the brain volume is stabilised. The child can input the gained information whenever needed in everyday life. In case of 12 years old child structural changes in the brain is observed. The learning capacity increases. He or she starts to think themselves as a teen. Peer friendship is important to them. They have less interest in school and have a desire to imply their views and ideas rather than working with others. (Nicola, 2015). Developmental milestones for a 12 years old child The prime developmental criteria for an adolescent child are: Physical development - a sudden growth in terms of height and body weight occurs. Development of secondary sexual characters occurs. They gain puberty in which the pituitary gland starts producing higher level of testosterone in male child and releasing more estrogen and progesterone in female child. There are changes in the skin as pimple starts to appear due oil gland secretions. More sweating and development of body odour occurs. Hairs start to develop in the arm pits and the genital area. Body proportions are also changed in both male and female. Voice change and sexual maturity is observed in boys. In girls menstrual cycle starts with secondary sexual characters development. Mental development- they tend to become more independent as they mature. Skills and decision making power starts to develop. Career related issues start to develop, start to seek advices and ideas from friends and social media. Sense of responsible develops with social conscience. As per the National institute of mental health (NIH) the brain growth in the adolescent child is due to the formation of white matter and myelin sheath which intensify the connectivity of the neurons. These new changes shift from the frontal region to the back of the brain. The growth in the parietal and temporal areas that regulate the sensory, auditory, speech and spatial functions are developed by the child attain the age of 13 years. With the development of frontal lobes of the brain, the amygdala also starts to generate emotions related to fear and daring reactions. Compare to an adult or a young child, the adolescent child is hyper-reactive in terms of emotions. (NIH). Emotional development- starts to think about their appearance and getting along with their friends. Self consciousness and self centred behaviour is observed. They become very self conscious in terms of how they look and want to be a part of the groups and not left out by others. Develop liking for the opposite sex and family life is not of much concern to them. There is a lot of self esteem degradation among the girls. The teens develop egocentrism where they think that they are noticed by all in terms of appearance and other actions. Also they develop thoughts that the emotional or other experiences that occur in their life are never experienced by others. They are deeply affected by others opinions about them. Behaviour development- a great change in personality is observed in the adolescent children. There is a higher level of mood swing among these children. Bullying and being neglected by others affects the children especially the girl child. Lack of sleep, anxiety, disagreements with family members, demand for independence, peer pressure and their application of logics and reasoning skills create troubles in their development. (Anthony, M.) The incident When I was 12 years old, I had to change my school because my parents want me to be in a place closer to home and they put me in a new school that was closer to my house, as the other one they had to travel nearly an hour to get there. Changing school was a big decision for me. Leaving back friends and all the memories from the old school was not easy for me. A new school, new people everything made me nervous. I tried talking to my parents but could not ignore the problem that they were facing. I had to agree to decision and join the new school. It was not a good start for me in the new school. It was pretty obvious that I was not welcomed there. The group of girls looked down upon me for my dressing style and appearance. No one seemed interested in inviting me to their groups. I was left all alone in the class. My parents were curious about the new school and how I get along with the other kids. It was difficult for me to make them understand that I am able to make new friends. I could not explain them the comments and the way they all ignore me. I was so depressed with all of this. I could not concentrate on my studies and this had an impact on my grades. My parents were worried about my behaviour as I wanted to be left alone in my room and going to school never excited me. I hated everything about myself. Critical reflection The experiences of a child determine the person they are going to be and also affect the overall growth and development. Kids development is well in a stable environment or a place where go daily and they are used to it. Change of place affects them negatively. (Sandstrom and Huerta 2013). Adapting to the new environment put them through many new challenges. The problem of bullying adds on it. This issue is one the most common problem with girls who enter their teenage. Bullying is one of major problems in schools among kids. As per Robert Sege, MD, chief of ambulatory paediatrics at Boston medical center and a contributor to the American Academy of Paediatrics- Bullying comprises of two people where one who is powerful dominates the weaker by harassing them publically, intimidating them and hurting them physically. (Hatfield, 2010). Some common type of bullying issues are verbal, physical, relational and cyber bullying (Peck, 2014). One of the study related to bullying was conducted in Australia, which involved 6000 boy and 2500 girl students from 16 different schools, in 1993- 1994 with an average age of 14 years. The various criteria were being called by hurtful names, being teased, left out of groups purposely, being kicked or physically harmed and verbal threats. The study showed that 9.5% of the girls were purposely left out by the various groups in the class. Verbal bullying was found the most common problem with 11.5 % in girls and 12.6% in boys. (Rigby, K. 2007). As per studies conducted children develop psychiatric disorders which need to be treated if they are victims of being bullied. It can lead to depression, low self esteem, and also affect their academic performance. It can sometimes lead to risk of committing suicide. (Nierenberg, 2015). Coming out of the protected shell often create problems for the kids. In my opinion the change of school affect the child adversely. Adapting to a whole new environment and making new relationships is not an easy task for them. The other problems which are related to it also make them to confine in themselves and not let them come out with full potential. It becomes important to let the child express him/herself to help them grow. Therapeutic measures Therapy is required if the effect of the trauma or the regular bullying is affecting the child adversely. Depression is generally covered under mood swings and agreements, desires to be left alone is also a sign that the child is under depression. The lack of enthusiasm and social spirit is the signal that the child needs help. (Ray, 2015). Children who are victims of body shaming and bullying may develop difficulties in building relations in the future. (Cooper, and White, 2004). It is important find the root cause of the problem and starts the treatment therapy accordingly. Cognitive based therapies and talk therapies could be efficient to bring out the thoughts of the child. It is important for parents to understand the problem with their child and provide effective treatment to overcome these troubles. Some of the effective therapies are Cognitive behavioural therapy It is based on developing a relation in thoughts, feelings and actions. There should be healthy relationship developed in order to extract the information regarding the behavioural changes. The therapy should interest the child so using games and other role plays would help. In this therapy the negative thoughts are being removed. They are helped to change their negative thoughts about themselves. (Baker et al, 2002). Narrative therapy It means interacting with the kids through the stories either ways. It includes listening to the stories of the kids and also narrating them stories of people who had undergone the same situations or troubles in their lives. (Freedman et al). Having group discussion and analysing the behaviour of child through various role plays would help in solving the problem. The narrative therapist analyse the childs problem and look at various aspects of the issue related to family and the social environment of the child. (Wyatt and Seid, 2008). Narrative therapy incorporates the idea of community work. Tree of life a method invented by Ncazelo Ncuba (REPSSI) and David Denborough (Dulwich centre foundation) to help the children of people who died of HIV/AIDS. It was a very good approach to encourage the children to develop self confidence, recognise their potential and talents, to face the difficulties in life with strength. (Georgia et al, 2009). Tree of life is used as a model for narrating their experiences. They are told to relate the parts of a tree with their life and formulate a story. For e.g. the root signifies the origin of the person. The ground represents the current habitat and everyday life. Trunk is associated with the personal qualities and nature of the person focusing on their talents. The branches symbolise the future desires and aspirations. Leaves relate to the people they are close with and fruits are the gifts they obtain in life. (Ncuba, 2006). Image source: Dulwich centre Interactive drawing therapy This involves the act where the kid draw pictures which reflect the thoughts going on in his/her mind. Here metaphors are used from the drawing for understanding the mindset of the kid. (Stone, and Everts, 2006). Children express their thoughts through drawings and symbols. The counsellor implicit the meaning and explain the child about their behaviour and how to tackle with the problem. (Wither and Russell, 2009). Expressive art therapy Expressive art therapy is the method of assisting young child to identify the meaning about their stories. Painting, clay art, stories etc are the medium used to form the story of the kid.( psychotherapy and counselling federation of Australia, 2015). The counsellor do not explain the meaning of the creation instead of this they try to understand the childs point of view about the creation and interpret the story. (Pearson and Wilson, 2009). Creative play therapy Play and creative based activities always excite children. The therapy aims at interacting with the children and involving them in activities that that will motivate them and help them to talk opening and freely with the counsellor. The counsellor should take care of the theoretical background of the therapy. The clients could be told to draw pictures, the child could be given a task to make paper dolls and label it with people they love or a scavenger hunt. This would bring the childs emotions and thought in the eye of the counsellor who can proceed with the further therapy. (Lowenstein, 2010.) My personal approach towards the issue As a therapist my approach to solve the problem would be narrative therapy where I can bring out the problem of the girl through her story, the effect of the trauma and her difficulties. Many narrative therapists believe that everyone wants someone to listen to their stories as per the identity they choose. As a therapist, I would make her realise that she has to be expressive and how to tackle with the bullying in the school. She has to build her confidence and should express herself to her parents. Try to be social and get along with the people around. She should not look down upon herself as she is equal to all the other girls in her class. A tree of life could be a helpful in this case. The child could express freely about the situation in the tree of life and can narrate her side. Expressing herself will ease her pain and troubles. Further I would explain her how she can overcome the situation with confidence and how she needs to be open with her parents. Events in life have many interpretations which are narrated by the people depending on the situation and other related factors. Narrative therapy aims on redefining the meaning of the stories which are interpreted by the client. A kid of 12 years generally considers thing and event happening in life in a negative way. To deal with a 12 years old girl undergoing a traumatic situation, it is important to first let her frame the story in her own perspective and let her define the incident as per her understanding. As a therapist my aim would be to draw the conclusion of the story to a positive end. Leading her thoughts towards to different situations and outcomes and reconstructing the story which can lead to a positive and good result. This would help the kid to understand that every event is important and provide new and better meaning to their story. It will help her to realise the self worth and to look down upon herself. Conclusion Adolescence is the age that should be handled very carefully. Parents and the teachers should always look at the children entering this phase of life and guide them accordingly. Confidence and self esteem is something that crafts the future of the person. A good mental health can shape a good future for the child. Narrative therapy can be an important tool to help them deal with the situation and find a positive outcome to their situation. It is a healing therapy where people narrate the incidents in the form of stories. The therapists help them to reconstruct the story to reach towards a positive ending. References Anthony, M. Social Development in 11-13 Years Olds. Parents, rising readers learners. Retrieved from https://www.scholastic.com/parents/resources/article/stages-milestones/social-development-11-13-year-olds Baker et al. (2002). Promising practices. A handbook for Childrens mental health practitioners. Childrens mental health Ontario. Cooper, K and White, R. E. (2004). Bullying in elementary school. Burning issues: Foundations of education. RL Education. Dulwich centre: a gateway to narrative therapy community work. Tree of life. Retrieved on 2016 Sep 24 from https://dulwichcentre.com.au/the-tree-of-life/ Expressive art therapy. (2015). psychotherapy and counselling federation of Australia. Retrieved on 2016 sep 24 from https://www.pacfa.org.au/member-associations/pacfa-sections/expressive-arts-therapies. Freedman et al. About narrative therapy with children. Narrative approaches. Retrieved on 2016 Sep 24 from https://www.narrativeapproaches.com/?p=1404 Hatfield, H. (2010). Why bullies bully. WebMD. Retrieved on 2016 sep 24 from https://www.webmd.com/parenting/features/prevent-cyberbullying-and-school-bullying#1 Georgia et al. (2009). Tree of life in a community context. 50-54. Retrieved on 2016 Sep 24 from https://dulwichcentre.com.au/wp-content/.../01/tree-of-life-community-context.pdf Lowenstein, L. (2010). Creative play therapy interventions for children and families. Retrieved on 2016 Sep 24 from https://www.lianalowenstein.com/article_journals.pdf Nierenberg, C. (2015, Dec 9). Childhood bullying can have lasting effects on mental health. Livescience. Retrieved on 2016 Sep 24 from https://www.livescience.com/53034-childhood-bullying-lasting-mental-health-effects.html Ncuba, N. (2007). Tree of life: an approach to working with vulnerable children.DVD. Dulwich centre publication. Parents sex ed center. (2008). Advocate for youth. Retrieved on 2016 Sep 24 from https://www.advocatesforyouth.org/publications/155-parents Pearson, M. and Wilson, H. (2009). Using expressive arts to work with the mind, body and emotions. Peck, S. (2014). The 4 common types of bullying. Parents.com. Retrieved on 2016 Sep 24 from https://www.parents.com/kids/problems/bullying/common-types-of-bullying/ Ray, D. C. (2015, Oct 14). Extraordinary 12 years old. Child development. New York: Routledge publication. Rigby, K. (2003). Stop the Bullying: a handbook for schools. Australia: Aust Council for Ed Research. Rigby, K. (2007). Bullying in Australian schools. Bullying in schools: and what to do about it. Australia: Aust council for Ed Research. Siegel, D. J. (2012). Psychology of the developing mind. The whole-brain child:12 revoluntionary strategies to nurture your childs developing mind. Scribe publications pty limited. Skuse, D. H. (2003). Development in middle school. Child psychology and psychiatry. U. K.: the medicine publishing company limited. Stone, C. and Everts, H. (2006). Interactive drawing therapy. the therapeutic use of metaphor in interactive drawing therapy. New Zealand: The New Zealand journal of counselling. Sandstrom, H Huerta, S. (2013). The negative effects of industry on child development. Urban Institute. Available on 2016 Sep 24 from https://www.urban.org/sites/default/files/alfresco/publication-pdfs/412908-the-negative-effects-of-Instability-on -child-development-fact-sheet.pdf The teen brain: Still under construction. National Institute of Health. Retrieved from https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/publications/the-teen-brain-still-under-construction/index.shtml Withers and Russell. (2009). The therapeutic process of interactive drawing therapy. Wyatt, R. C and Seid, E. L. (2008). Narrative therapy with children. Child therapy with the experts. San Francisco: Psychotherapy.net Young Teens (12-14 years of age). (2016, March). Centers for Disease Control and prevention. Retrieved on 2016 Sep 24 from https://www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/childdevelopment/positiveparenting/adolescence.html

Doubt is the Key to Knowledge

Doubt is the key to knowledge, which is a Persian proverb, has its own meaning and connotation. From an individual viewpoint, doubt materializes as the state of observance amid skepticism and certainty. Often, doubt permits any apparent notion to be questioned. It invokes one to instigate an inquiry besides compelling given truths to be reviewed.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Doubt is the Key to Knowledge specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More These allow for improved reconsiderations, thus advancing expansions of knowledge. The process continues till individuals establish grounds that they are contented with. This paper seeks to discuss the degree at which doubt has been exhibited to be the key to knowledge. It concerns two vital knowledge areas namely history and natural sciences. Merriam-Webster Dictionary defines science as a knowledge system that covers the operations of either the general laws or general truths as acquired and confirmed via the scientific techniques and oriented to the experimental physical world phenomena. Via the historical course, science is perceived as a substantiated and confirmed way to gain knowledge by way of conducting experiments. The scientific community regards this as a decisive means of deriving facts from the unknown, thus establishing actualities. In fact, scientists strongly disapprove and doubt the ensuing ideas till sufficient evidence that supports them is provided. Should we therefore conclude that knowledge in science is provisional and consents to falsification? Certainly, any theory having adequate logics stands a chance of falsifying the standing knowledge that was hitherto held. Hence, I sincerely trust that science is actually provisional through doubt. Science primarily evolves by virtue of the abstract or perhaps the contingent unsolved postulates that scientists endeavor to establish and define their connotations. Such hypotheses are experim ented by means of scientific techniques and every constructive deduction that is drawn will thereafter be established as a theory. Basically, any theory that is apprehended as scientific knowledge tends to remain in that status till they become doubtful and questioned. This occurs when new explorations and experiments is such areas opposes the questionable theory. Scientific history ascertains that knowledge descends from identical courses. Early Mesopotamian studies showed that Earth was a domed flat disk. It was till Magellan Ferdinand had a confirmation that the globe was sphere-shaped in the fifteenth century subsequent to his fruitful circumvention of the world (Rosenberg 2004, p.163). In spite of the infinite reproaches, debates and libels made against his observation, Galilei Galileo disapproved the endured concept that the earth was the epicenter of the world.Advertising Looking for essay on philosophy? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Therefore, unless proved otherwise, scientific theories and experiments provided knowledge and that knowledge is continuously augmented through experimentations and tests. This means that, although these scientific methods are considered to represent the laws of nature, new theories and methods are continuously being discovered to challenge the existing laws. Hence, gaining new knowledge is an incessant process proviso doubt still persists in the status quo. There ought to be certain suppositions and allusions that make my opinions to remain real. The principal postulation is that for doubt to be effective in unraveling any scientific knowledge, one has to remain being in doubt till verified by germane scientific proof or trialing upshots. The evidence or results can either be on the side of or against the proposition. The method used to test the controversial theory must be universally acknowledged by the whole scientific community or else any significant result of the research may not be recognized. Therefore, any method used to test any scientific theory has to remain definite or certain. In the contrary, the research method should not be ambiguous or debatable as might finally prove to be destructive to the attained knowledge. Doubt only is incapable of developing new scientific theories. But it is very important in the verification and defense of hypotheses into theories and concepts into scientific laws. Though most scientific theories and laws contribute to the development of knowledge, some remain incapable of proving with sufficient logic that they are knowledgeable and they must be recognized as such (Urdahl, 1917). Since science is continuously updated via revolutionary discoveries, most scientists seem to be unaware that the laws or theories cannot be proven. This is because no one can tell whether the theory or law in question is inconceivable natural truth. This causes scientists to continually be in doubt by proving other bodies of knowledge fruitless and futile. For example, the theory of black hole is yet to be proven. Nevertheless, some of the perceived theories concerning the black hole maybe right, but given that they cannot be verified, cosmological scientists maybe spending senseless energies in generating novel concepts rather than directing such energies in attesting that such a concept is actually right (Wald 1992, p.62). The untiring doubt might give rise to the dismissal of the right concept causing the weakening of knowledge. Nonetheless, some theories or laws have proven to hold true and therefore does not need further experimentation, hence conceived as the truth. For instance, the fact that the earth is going round the sun cannot be disputed. Thus, even though doubt contributes to the scientific progress and knowledge, it has limits that might be disadvantageous to knowledge advancementAdvertising We will write a custom essay sample on Doubt is the Key to Knowledge specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More As random house dictionary asserts, history is a division of knowledge that deals with events that happened in the past. These events may be relating to specific society, period or particularly to the human race. Akin to science, the study of the past is to certain level a draft to knowledge. Interpretations of events relating to the past by historians may be different depending on the historical evidences gathered (Urdahl, 1917). This means that the interpretations are susceptible to changes as new evidences relating to the event continue to emerge. In similar way, totally different opinion can be deduced from new material. This confirms the occurrence of doubt within the historical studies. Knowledge from historic actualities is deemed to be the veracity as vindicated by the amassed proofs and chronological inquiry, yet similar knowledge can be rejected by newfangled facts that are perceived to be valid. This dislodges the hitherto held truth. Historical revisionism is a branch of the historical academic field that studies the conventional opinions on historical evidences, intentions and processes of making decisions connected to historical events with an aim of revising and reinterpretation (Miller et al. 2010, p37). Revisionist historians always have an aim of reinterpreting the largely accepted views through doubt. Generally, revisionist historians have doubts on the accessible confirmations alongside the suppositions that are acquired from such facts. Hence, they go beyond ordinary study to uncover new evidences that could have been subsumed. These new evidences could either way approve the former made conclusions or challenge the status quo by presenting it as historically false. In the process, they draw new conclusions that may be perceived as being legitimate historical knowledge until proved untrue by new evidences. For instance, during the war in the Arabian Gulf, the US defense approved the deploying of forces into Saudi Arabia. They used satellite photo evidences that Iraqi was gathering its forces in the Arabian Desert to organize for an imminent invasion (Harvey 2001, p.136. Thru that spell, the United States was considered useful for the imperative part it assumed in the protection of Saudi-Arabia from the Iraqi belligerence. However, no one questioned the authentication of the satellite photos, thus there was no doubt about them. But St. Petersburg Times, came across two satellite photos from one of the Soviet profit-making satellites with indications of the absence of Iraqi military anywhere near the purported area.Advertising Looking for essay on philosophy? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This new evidence changed the previously held view and the American motives became questionable. The old evidence was historically proven false, thereby increasing the doubts of American motives. As a consequence, new theories were formulated to explain the real intentions of the American military. Some gave suggestions that Americans modified the satellite images to suit their reasons for deploying troops to protect their international interest, in this case the oil import source. The demonstrations indicated how revisionists doubting of any historical evidence can lead to the discovery of new evidences that can support the claim or disapprove the claim (Gkotzaridis 2006, p.193). In the process of analyzing the new evidence, more accurate conclusions are made and in the end they contribute to development of new historical studies knowledge. Afore augmenting knowledge advancement, doubt might alter and make genuine chronological knowledge fallacious. The process of illegally distort ing historical facts is known as negationism (Hephaestus Books 2011, p.288). Negationism materialized when the Japanese battle offenses were revealed when WWII was occurring. The story of Nanking assault was an archaeologically famous incident for the Japanese militia involvement in heartless undertakings like burglary, manslaughter and mass assault committed on the Nanking occupants. Albeit Japanese government admitted the legitimacy of the historical evidence during the event, they have all a long modulated the scale of the committed atrocities through the criticism of Chinese death toll estimates. Japanese government accused Chinese authorities of engineering statistics accredited to Nanking bloodbath. The Japanese publications comprising of primers studied in schools deliberately excluded these carnages. This deliberate exclusion contributes to the distortions of true historical facts. Because of the presence of disputes surrounding war crimes that was committed by the Japanese militia, it is quit hard to determine the truth on either side (Hephaestus Books 2011, p.289). As a result, the solution rests on the historical evidence that is commonly accepted. In this instance, it is quite clear that both historical distortions together with denials of historical realities contribute to the deterioration of knowledge. Hence, doubt cannot with certainty be recognized as the basic source of knowledge as claimed. Nonetheless, pertaining to history as field of knowledge, it cannot be denied that doubt plays a vital role as a supporter of knowledge that is gained from historical studies. With doubting incapability, historians are imbued in facts and ideas that had already been established. These established facts and concepts can easily be challenged through thorough research and application of new methods for establishing evidence. Therefore, history to some range is impermanent and devoid of doubt, the prospective knowledge will endure being debatable and fairy-ta le. To conclude, given that knowledge has been verified to be far-reaching and abstruse in the historic and systematic grounds, it becomes very difficult to judge doubt and its capabilities so that they can accurately emerge as fundamental to knowledge execution. Nevertheless, through appropriate researches and studies in these knowledge areas, this paper has taken a stand that to a greater degree, doubt is central as well as essential factor in determining knowledge. References Gkotzaridis, E 2006, Trials of Irish History: Genesis and evolution of a reappraisal, 1938-2000, Routledge, New York, NY. Harvey, B 2001, Russia in space: The failed frontier? Springer, New York, NY. Hephaestus Books, 2011, Historical revisionism (negationism, including: Mein Kampf, Holocaust Denial, Institute for Historical Review, Ma Lik, Miguel Serrano, Memory Hole, Israeli-Palestinian History Denial, Japanese War Crimes, the Two Babylons, Ernst Nolte, Neo-Stalinism, Hephaestus Books, London, UK. Miller, FP, Vandome, AF McBrewster, J 2010, Historical Revisionism, )lpha script Publishing, BÃ ¼ckeburg, Germany. Rosenberg, MT 2004, The handy geography answer book, Barnes Noble Books, Bellevue. Urdahl, HH, 1917, The key of knowledge: A simple treatise comprising the phenomena of mind and of matter, combining psychology, physiology and sociology in scientific philosophy, Portland, Or. Wald, RM 1992, Space, time, and gravity: The theory of the Big Bang and Black Holes, University of Chicago Press, Chicago, UK. This essay on Doubt is the Key to Knowledge was written and submitted by user Charlee Finley to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Nonpolar Molecule Definition and Examples

Nonpolar Molecule Definition and Examples AÂ  nonpolar molecule has no separation of charge, so no positive or negative poles are formed. In other words, the electrical charges of nonpolar molecules are evenly distributed across the molecule. Nonpolar molecules tend to dissolve well in nonpolar solvents, which are frequently organic solvents. In a polar molecule, one side of the molecule has a positive electrical charge and the other side has a negative electrical charge. Polar molecules tend to dissolve well in water and other polar solvents. There are also amphiphilic molecules, large molecules that have both polar and nonpolar groups attached to them. Because these molecules have both polar and nonpolar character, they make good surfactants, aiding in mixing water with fats. Technically, the only completely nonpolar molecules consist of a single type of atom or of different types of atoms that display a certain spatial arrangement. Many molecules are intermediate, neither completely nonpolar nor polar. What Determines Polarity? You can predict whether a molecule will be polar or nonpolar by looking at the type of chemical bonds formed between the atoms of the elements. If there is a significant difference between the electronegativity values of the atoms, the electrons wont be shared equally between the atoms. In other words, the electrons will spend more time closer to one atom than the other. The atom that is more attractive to the electron will have an apparent negative charge, while the atom that is less electronegative (more electropositive) will have a net positive charge. Predicting polarity is simplified by considering the point group of the molecule. Basically, if the dipole moments of a molecule cancel each other out, the molecule is nonpolar. If the dipole moments dont cancel out, the molecule is polar. Not all molecules have a dipole moment. For example, a molecule that has a mirror plane wont have a dipole moment because the individual dipole moments cant lie in more than one dimension (a point). Nonpolar Molecule Examples Examples of homonuclear nonpolar molecules are oxygen (O2), nitrogen (N2), and ozone (O3). Other nonpolar molecules include carbon dioxide (CO2) and the organic molecules methane (CH4), toluene, and gasoline. Most carbon compounds are nonpolar. A notable exception is carbon monoxide, CO. Carbon monoxide is a linear molecule, but the electronegativity difference between carbon and oxygen is significant enough to make the molecule polar. Alkynes are considered nonpolar molecules because they dont dissolve in water. The noble or inert gases are also considered nonpolar. These gases consist of single atoms of their element, such as argon, helium, krypton, and neon.

Research Paper Critique and Summaries Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Research Paper Critique and Summaries - Essay Example The research study proceeds from the assumption that "countries with a higher score on the collectivism index are more likely to favour the personal selling promotion tool than will countries with a lower score" (248). While this assumption is solidly grounded in the study's literature review, the authors subject it to further empirical examination. Utilizing an experimental design, Fam and Merrilees (1998) distributed a survey questionnaire amongst retail managers in both Australia and Hong Kong. Receiving a 40.2% in Australia and a 16% response in Hong Kong, Fam and Merrillees' (1998) seven-point Likert-scale questionnaire focused on the correlation between collectivist and non-collectivist cultures' marketing approach preferences. The data results validated the assumption, indicating that collectivist cultures betrayed a market preference for personal promotion selling tools. The research exploited both dependant and independent variables. Within the context of this research the independent variable was culture. ... Validity and Reliability Irrespective of the importance of the issue which a research sets out to investigate, the study would be worthless were its unreliable and its validity suspect. A study is valid if it actually investigates and studies the phenomenon which it identified and defined at the outset and reliable if it is replicable. With regards to this study, it does investigate that which it defined and while no mention is made of its being replicated by other researchers, Fam and Merrilees (1998) attempted to establish validity through the re-examination of their data and the replication of the results using a different method. Added to that, the researchers establish a chain of evidence throughout the study, verify the information collected and, accordingly establish construct validity. The study emerged as reliable and valid from that perspective. Evaluation When evaluated in terms of the criterion of utility, this article emerges as highly valuable because, in an era of globalisation and the internationalisation of business, this article provides marketers with the information they need to effectively address cultures. They identify the marketing tools and techniques which specific cultures are most responsive and susceptible to. In terns of the criteria of replication, the article is only partially satisfactory. In brief, even though the researchers make an effort to replicate their study for the purposes of validating their results, they do so to a very limited degree. They re-analyse the data using an alternate method and this does not fully satisfy the criterion of replication. Lastly, with regards to the criterion of

The Vigilance Project Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The Vigilance Project - Essay Example Being in a group, an individual feels as integral part of a team which enhances his or her self-worth. 4. Realistic is conflict â€Å"based on scarce resources†; symbolic conflict is conflict â€Å"based on values and beliefs†. Realist conflicts take place between groups over scarce resources in a competitive environment. Symbolic conflicts occur due to different perspectives regarding values and ideas which give rise to conflicts in goal persuasion. 5. The leadership paradox is best stated as â€Å"The fact that teams usually need leaders, but the very presence of a leader threatens the autonomy of a team†. Instead of making a team more productive, a leader may end up being a hindrance if he overuses his power (Thomson, 2004, p.309). 6. The three types of team coaching include â€Å"ability, coordination, motivation†. Motivation enhances team commitment, coordination helps people to work together, and educational coaching increases skills and abilities of team members (Levi, 2010, p.178). 7. Teams that are underbounded â€Å"Have many external ties, but cannot bring its members together†; in contrast, teams that are overbounded â€Å"have high loyalty but an inability to integrate with others†. Overbounded teams are highly cohesive and so members can work in more coordinated manner than underbounded teams (Hackman, 2011, p.79). 11. According to the empirical research on convergent and divergent thinking, â€Å"Groups are better than individuals at divergent thinking; individuals are better than groups at convergent thinking†. This is because in the latter effort is to find single solution to a problem while in the former effort is to find multiple solutions to a problems which can be more effective in a group (Salkind, 2005, p.309). 12. The key threats to creativity do not include â€Å"social striving†. Social striving means individuals can exhibit maximum performance when working as part of a group, and this can enhance creativity (Shiraev & Levy,

What Is New Public Management?

What Is New Public Management? New Public Management, what is it? We have heard the term throughout the first semester and have endeavoured to understand its historical and present relevance as well as its various facets that are supposedly favourable in reforming inefficient public sector enterprises, making them leaner and more efficient. But is New Public Management, all that it is made up to be, is it up-to the tasks it is set, is it the new paradigm for public sector reform in developing countries? These are the questions well be tackling in this paper. The Wikipedia defines New public management (NPM) as a management philosophy used by governments since the 1980s to modernise the public sector. It is a broad and very complex term used to describe the wave of public sector reforms throughout the world since the 1980s. The main hypothesis in the NPM-reform wave is that more market orientation in the public sector will lead to greater cost-efficiency for governments, without having negative side effects on other objectives and considerations.  [i]   The World Bank group thinks that NPM is used to describe a management culture that emphasizes the centrality of the citizen or customer, as well as accountability for results. It also suggests structural or organizational choices that promote decentralized control through a wide variety of alternative service delivery mechanisms, including quasi-markets with public and private service providers competing for resources from policymakers and donors. NPM does not claim that government should stop performing certain tasks. Although the New Public Management often is associated with this policy perspective, NPM is not about whether tasks should be undertaken or not. It is about getting things done better.  [ii]   It is supposed to have evolved as a consequence of the emergence of globalisation and as a response to policies of structural adjustment. NPM was conceived as a means to improve efficiency and responsiveness to political principals. Its origins were in Parliamentary democracies with curiously strong executive powers, centralized governments, and little administrative law. In this archetypal setting, NPM seems to embody the idea of a cascading chain of contracts leading to a single (usually Ministerial) principal who is interested in getting better results within a sector portfolio over which he or she has significant and relatively unchallenged authority.  [iii]   NPM, is a much more outcome oriented and efficient theory than earlier public management theories because it entails a more judicious disbursement of the public budget. It is supposed to be achieved by applying some attributes of the private sector into the public sector, such as competition etc. it can be said to be a policy to run the public sector as though it was the private sector but keeping public sector considerations in mind at the same time. The basis of NPM lay in reversing the two cardinal doctrines of progressive public administration (PPA); that is, lessening or removing differences between the public and the private sector and shifting the emphasis from process account-ability towards a greater element of account-ability in terms of results.  [iv]   It endeavours to better the public sector by restructuring, using tactics such as deregulation, decentralisation, promotion of autonomous agencies, output based evaluation, contracting, introduction of competition between agencies and enterprises etc. From the end of the 1970s to the 1990s governments around the world were engaged in widespread and sustained reforms of their public administration. These reforms started in the USA and the United Kingdom, where the Republican and Conservative governments that came to power championed the New Right campaigns for reforms. In New Zealand, however, where the most acclaimed reforms took place, the political force behind them was a Labour government, i.e. a leftist power. The reforms immediately aroused academic interest and research was carried out and theories developed. Perhaps to facilitate academic discourse, the reforms collectively came to be called the new public management (NPM).  [v]   The major driving force behind the reforms was economic stagnation in many countries. The New Right blamed this economic stagnation seen in huge national debts, balance of payment Sowaribi Tolofari problems, high rates of unemployment, underperforming industries, etc. on the excessive scope of governments engagement in business, mediocrity in administrative performance and the lack of accountability, among other things. In addition, there was also new intellectual thinking developing on how public services should be organised and delivered. This was probably because the populace in various countries were now better educated and more sophisticated in their thinking, tastes and demands.  [vi]   New Public Management has been a worldwide phenomenon in some form or other. Democratic regimes in New Zealand, Australia, and the United Kingdom have all implemented some range of reforms consistent with NPM. Malta and Austria have also implemented NPM elements. Each of these initiatives has had some combination of elements including cost cutting, creating of separate agencies or business enterprises to eliminate traditional bureaucracies, separating the purchaser of goods from the provider of those goods, introducing market mechanisms, decentralizing management authority, introducing performance-management systems, moving away from tenure-like civil service systems to contractual and pay-for-performance personnel systems, and increasing use of customer-focused quality improvement systems. Credit for the impetus of these reforms is given to American ideas, particularly the ideas of American public choice economists  [vii]   The philosophy seems to be based in the greatness of private management over public management and therefore suggests that the only logical thing to do is to transfer control to the private sector. Since all government activities cannot be transferred into private hands the theory suggests the next best thing, the application of business management into government. However, public management is different from public administration: the former is derived from commercial operations and is meant to bring about a new mind-set, a new vocabulary and a proliferation of management techniques. It is also meant to debureaucratize government operations and to reduce red tape substantially.  [viii]   If only one element is to be pointed out as characterising the reforms, it would be marketisation. The administration of public services was now benchmarked against private business power should be exercised by those who give the service; the consumer should have choice; the reason to exist should be determined by how well the organisation performs; there should be measures of performance and public accountability. These characteristics were based on certain theories: mainly public choice, transaction cost economics and principal-agent theory.  [ix]   The reforms have majorly been driven by a combination of socio-economic, political and technological factors. One of the similarities between countries going down the NPM route has been the experience of some sort of economic or fiscal crisis, which speeded up these countrys will to streamline their enterprises and cut back costs wherever possible, basically to stabilize their economy any-which way possible. With crisis looming overhead the tenacity of the welfare state came under fire and with it the institutionalised form of state run enterprises. One can say that these reforms are not purely the work of political will, other more sinister external factors were in play. In the case of most developing countries, reforms in public administration and management have been driven more by external pressures and have taken place in the context of structural adjustment programmes. Other drivers of NPM-type reforms include the ascendancy of neoliberal ideas from the late 1970s, the developm ent of information technology, and the growth and use of international management consultants as advisors on reforms. Additional factors, in the case of developing countries, include lending conditionalitys and the increasing emphasis on good governance.  [x]   The literature provides evidence that in many, if not the majority of, developing countries, economic crisis has been by far the most important factor driving the introduction of ambitious reforms in the public sector since the early 1980s. In sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) economic and fiscal crises preceded economic reforms, which also triggered public sector management reforms. Many African and Latin American countries suffered from unsustainable external and domestic debts, deteriorating real terms of trade, increasing real interest rates on international financial markets, high inflation, low levels of savings and investment, and shortages of basic consumer goods. More recently, the economic and fiscal crises in the Asian tiger economies have promoted major reforms in the public sectors of countries such as Indonesia, Malaysia and South Korea. Most countries, especially in Africa, had debilitating underlying problems à ³ severe institutional weaknesses, fiscal indiscipline and weak e xternal competitiveness.  [xi]   Larbi describes the economic and fiscal situation that was the harbinger of NPM reforms in Africa and Latin America. He records that many African and Latin American countries suffered unsustainable rates on international financial markets, high inflation, low levels of savings and investments, and shortages of basic consumer goods. It should be noted, however, that in these cases external pressures from so-called donors and lenders initiated the reforms. Kiiza accounts for the effect of this difference by saying that available comparative evidence shows both a handsome and an ugly face of the reforms: The handsome face of managerialism appears in the developed countries where the review of Weberian public administration has been done deliberately in search of excellence. The ugly face appears in the developing countries, particularly in sub-Saharan Africa, where Managerialism has been religiously spread by the IMF/World Bank fraternity.  [xii]   Internally, in these countries, policy deficiencies, bad and excessive management of the economy, large-scale institutionalized corruption, weak and demoralized public services, low productivity and political instability, all contributed to a worsening of the crises. Loss-making SOEs contributed significantly to budget deficits and thus to the fiscal crisis.  [xiii]   Going first to the IMF and then to the World Bank meant accepting stabilization and structural adjustment packages with their accompanying conditionalitys in order to obtain credits and debt rescheduling from creditor banks and multilateral lending institutions. Policy-based lending by multilateral institutions was used as an instrument to encourage crisis states to embark on reforms that were pro-market and pro-private sector.  [xiv]   Thus it can be said that in a way NPM was stuffed down these nations throats. But the most primary mistake committed was that the policies and the structures utilized in implementing the NPM in these countries were the same that were proven successful in their more developed counterparts. What was not realized or was ignored was that the manner of functioning of the countrys beuracricies their market, the level of development of their private sectors was markedly different from the developed countries and the same ideas were not liable to work here. Despite all its advantages, one of the premier drawbacks of NPM most of the time was its very little contribution to actual policymaking. Instead, seeing as its main emphasis is private sector managerial techniques, it emphasizes the need for fewer thinkers and more doers. However, if one defines success as substantive involvement of citizens in shaping the direction of policy that affects their lives, there is little indication of such involvement beyond what existed before NPM implementation began. As Pollitt (1993) notes, citizenship is an awkward concept for those promoting managerialism, where the term customer is more common. He argues that the collectivist view of citizenship is alien to an individualist model where the market is the chief focus of transactions and values (125-6). Armstrong (1998) notes in his assessment of Australian implementation of NPM that the concept of meeting customer needs ignores the ability of customers to articulate their needs or make choices, either because they are uninformed or do not have the resources to do so . Rhodes further argues that in Australia, there is no evidence to show that (NPM) has provided customers with any means whatever of holding the government to account (1996, 106-10). Those claiming success for NPM have focused on short-term effects and on issues of efficiency. While it may be too early to assess the long-term impact of NPM in countries such as New Zealand and Australia, the evidence supporting democratic accountability and citizen engagement is not encouraging. This concept of management has little to do with democracy and democratic values, shedding the reality or the facade of democracy found in earlier public-sector reforms. What is left is a core of market orientation to economic efficiency in the public sector. As Borgmann (1992) argues, when citizens are recast as consumers, they operate within an attenuated form of democracy: But to extol the consumer is to deny the citizen. When consumers begin to act, the fundamental decisions have already been made. Consumers are in a politically and morally weak position. They are politically weak because the signals that they can send to the authorities about the common order are for the most part ambiguous. Does the purchase of an article signal approval, thoughtlessness, or lack of a better alternative?  [xv]   Dunleavy and Hood (1994) note concerns among traditional bureaucrats or hierarchists about the potential destabilizing effects of NPM if the processes of change should get out of control, become unmanageable and do irreversible damage to the provision of public services. For developing countries, but not for the World Bank and donor agencies, the price to be paid for such policy mistakes may be great in terms of threats to political stability and loss of economic wellbeing. In the United Kingdom, one of the leading exemplars in NPM applications the internal market in the NHS has been criticized as concentrating too many The New Public Management Approach and Crisis States resources on management and paperwork rather than on front-line service provision. This is illustrated by the almost fourfold increase in the number of managers in the NHS between 1991 and 1994, with administration absorbing 10.5 per cent of all NHS costs in 1994, compared to 6 per cent before the reforms. Overall, public sector managers are seen as a gaining group in the managerial emphasis in reforms.  [xvi]   But at the same time NPM will also be causing problems of morale in the public services because of the basic premise of NPM being the superiority of private sector over the public sector. Moreover, because it also suggests that whenever possible its activities should be transferred to the private sector, the implication is that public service has no intrinsic value. It also belittles the noble side of the public-service profession: public servants became public servants because they wanted to serve their country. If they had wanted to become entrepreneurs, they would have joined the private sector or started their own businesses.  [xvii]   Critics of the NPM, lamenting the collapse of the welfare state, have referred to the increasing inequality that market-type mechanisms produce market niche-seeking behaviour by public service providers. Whereby, conditions of social exclusion may be created given the organizational and cultural changes in social provision, expressed in the concepts of markets and individualism. Thus, those who need state provision and welfare safety-nets most viz a viz the poor and the vulnerable will be harmed by such reforms. Accountability and monitoring becomes tougher with fragmentation. Furthermore, since governments and other purchasers struggle to monitor contracts in various provider organisations, there is a risk of incurring huge transaction costs. According to Le Grand and Barlett (1993) quality in service provision may decline since minimalist, economizing standards are replacing aspirational professional standards. The pursuit of efficiency in flawed policies with short-term gains will be encouraged by NPM, undermining states capability to take a continuing standpoint on education, technology, health and the environment, given the heavy emphasis on cost reduction. One needs to consider these issues before seeking to transfer NPM to crisis states.  [xviii]   When assessing NPM critically, it is noted that there might be a promotion of corruption and self-interest by the senior bureaucrats and policy makers, who will opt for contracting out and for privatization in lieu of opportunities for rent-seeking and other forms of misdemeanour. Furthermore, greed, favouritism and conflicting interests in NPM has also piloted in a decline in ethical standards of public life. In case of developing countries, adopting the NPM will lead to more arbitrary use of judgment since the accountability mechanisms are weak and patronage systems more prevalent. The NPM method may work better in some frameworks than others. Like the public service which covers various activities, some of which are person-centred like, education, while some are not. Some are competitive, others are hard to mould into the competitive format, some high technological content (telecommunications), and others low. Thus, these factors should be kept in mind, as they affect the chances of NPM being a good fit in crisis states. Clarke and Newman have also argued that NPM à ¬is often portrayed as a global phenomenon à ³ a core element in the process of convergence between states, overriding distinct political and cultural characteristicsà ®. Given the different and difficult circumstances of reforms in adjusting economies and the potential risks mentioned above, it is doubtful whether a universalistic and à ¬evangelicalà ® approach to NPM is a tenable option. Even in developed countries such as the United Kingdom, experience suggests that change toward NPM à ¬has not been smooth and linear, but uneven and contestedà ® and that social actors are not shaped unambiguously by large-scale trends or forces for change.  [xix]   NPM-related reforms generally might undermine political control, meaning that administrative leaders in the central departments and agencies, such as leaders in public commercial enterprises, are gaining influence, but also private commercial actors and consumers more generally. The reforms have created more skepticism towards collective solutions, a depolitization of the public sector and increasing conflicts over what is public.  [xx]   While there is relatively little NPM to be found in developing countries when compared to the early predictions, there is even less evaluation of NPMs impact. The most comprehensive overview of NPM type reforms is offered by Batley (1999). Summarizing the conclusions from a 5-year review of the changing role of government in adjusting economies in South Asia, Sub-Saharan Africa and South America, Batley finds that the effect of NPM reforms has been mixed, at best, with some improvements in efficiency and mixed effects on equity. On the downside, he notes that the transaction costs of radical reforms to autonomize service delivery agencies tend to outweigh the efficiency gains of unbundling, and that reforms that seek to separate purchasers from providers sometimes reduce accountability.  [xxi]   Refocusing on the effective state is given prominence in the 1997 World Development Report, The State in a Changing World, which marks a significant shift in thinking about the state and its role in development: the need to factor the state back into development. There is now some recognition by the Bank that reforming the public sector the NPM way does not lend itself to clear, unambiguous solutions. NPM is not a panacea for all problems in the developing economies. conclusion The above-mentioned criticisms of NPM and concerns about social solidity, parity and steadiness have rejuvenated interest in the dynamic role of the state again. The debate has changed. It is how do we re-empower the state so that it is able to do its job effectively. While the new public management method may not be a answer for the problems of public sector management in developing states, a cautious and selective variation of some features to selected areas may be advantageous and their employment needs to be subtle to operative reality. The enthusiasm for neoliberal policies and NPM practices that characterized most of the 1980s and early 1990s is now tempered with caution and, in some cases, rejection of the more extreme forms of the NPM approach. There is recognition that imposing one template of reform on all, irrespective of context, is unwise and unimplementable, and may even breed conflict and undermine stability. The way forward is to make the state work better, not to dismantle it. The Bank suggests two strategies. The first is to match the states role to its capability; the earlier mistake was that the state tried to do too much with few resources and limited capacity. The second approach is to strengthen the capability of the state by reinvigorating public administration institutions to enable them to perform their enabling, regulating, monitoring and co-ordinating roles. This will entail creating effective rules and restraints, encouraging greater competition in service provision, applying measures to monitor performance gains, and achieving a more responsive mix of central and local governance by steering policies in the direction of greater decentralization.  [xxii]   NPM-type reforms in developing states seem to be based on a common framework with those in developed countries and seem to follow a blueprint rather than a process or contingent approach. Yet these countries differ widely in terms of their institutional conditions and their capacity to implement public sector management reforms based on NPM principles and practices.  [xxiii]   There is a need to give consideration to problems of how to implement rather than just what to implement. For some time now, too much attention has focused on the plan content of reforms without suitable attention to suitable preparations for application, partly due to the domination of outside organizations in the design of reform bundles and the resultant dearth of resident ownership and promise to reform.

Political Sponsering of Ngos Essay

Greenpeace and green political parties are united in their position against nuclear energy and their support for renewable energies. Christian charity organizations and conservative political parties both stand for traditional family values and against family planning. But does this mean they should work together? Often political parties sponsor NGOs, but is this sponsoring even acceptable? There are several arguments which we would like to consider. The credibility of NGOs as independent organizations and their ability to pursue their social interests are harmed by political sponsoring. The credibility of NGOs decreases, because more often than not, the interests of political parties are more important than the original agenda of the NGOs, due to (financial) sponsoring. The reason for political parties to engage with NGOs in the form of political sponsoring is to increase attention for the statements on the political agenda. NGOs often have more resources and are less restrained to all sorts of rules and laws to protest in rigorous actions. However, this money can only be invested when the NGO compromises its own agenda with the agenda of the political party, which means that they might have to compromise on their own values, missions and visions. Hence the question rises; how can an NGO be called non-governmental when there is a political influence? A counterargument for this is that there is a difference between a political party and the government. Of course this is the case, but a political party is a part of the government. In the Netherlands it is even the case that the political parties get subsidy by the government, so these are inseparable. Thus we argue you can? t call a NGO non-governmental anymore when it is sponsored by political parties, which significantly decreases their credibility. Democratic control of political action that is ‘outsourced’ to NGOs and is therefore beyond democratic control. When a political party is chosen to participate in a country’s parliament, this is done in a democratic way. People can vote for the party that has arguments and goals closest to the person’s own vision. However, the board of an NGO is not chosen in a democratic way, they are simply hired because they are the ‘right person to do the job’. When NGOs will engage in political actions, people who are not democratically chosen will gain political power. The accountability of political parties to their stakeholders, in particular those who may not agree with the objectives of the NGOs that are sponsored, is harmed by political sponsoring. When people vote democratically for a political party, they vote for the agenda the political party has before engaging with any other organization. When political parties go and sponsor NGOs, the party most likely has to compromise on its own agenda to get to an agreement with an NGO. Citizens now are ‘voting’ for NGOs without knowing this. The voters do often not have a say in which NGOs are sponsored, so there is a great likelihood that part of the political party’s stakeholders will not approve of the chosen NGOs at all. The missions and visions of these organizations could be in contradiction with the opinions of the stakeholders and voters, and they have absolutely no control over this. Proponents of political sponsoring say that the voters don’t compromise, because they have the same goal as the political parties. We would like to stress here that even though someone has the same goal, you don’t have to agree with the actions that are taken. Especially actions of NGOs, which are most commonly known as radical, can get a lot of resistance by the voters and other stakeholders of the political parties. An important question you can ask yourself in the light of this last argument is: Does the end justify the means? Does the common goal lead to an acceptance of all (radical) actions taken by NGOs? This is an important question, especially for the stakeholders of the political party, because by political sponsoring all the stakeholders of the parties (including the voters) indirectly approve of the NGOs’ actions.